• br Acknowledgements MC and PD were funded by the

  2022-11-07

  

  Acknowledgements MC and PD were funded by the Michael J Fox Foundation (Grant ID 9969). We would like to thank Pierluigi Saba, Francesco Traccis and Barbara Tuveri for their technical assistance. Introduction In the prostate, androgens play a crucial role in normal, BPH and cancerous growth b

• Estrogen exerts its genomic action via estrogen nuclear rece

  2022-11-07

  

  Estrogen exerts its genomic action via TAPI-1 nuclear receptor: ERα and ERβ. The distribution of ERα and/or ERβ positive neurons in CNS of different species has been mapped extensively by various methods [41], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], although there are some differences

• Antioxidative enzymes such as SOD and CAT play

  2022-11-07

  

  Antioxidative enzymes such as SOD and CAT play prominent roles in protecting against oxidative stress and extending food freshness due to their ability in scavenging active oxygen species for maintaining cell membrane integrity. Evidence shows that activities of SOD and CAT are positively affected b

• TLRs play a key role in

  2022-11-07

  

  TLRs play a key role in pathogen recognition and early response. In our study, we showed an increase of TLR2 mRNA and protein expression after BMECs were stimulated by S. aureus, as seen for BMECs in a previous study [25]. Although most studies describe TLR4 as a primary receptor for Gram-negative b

• Over the years measures of total antioxidant status TAS

  2022-11-07

  

  Over the years, measures of total antioxidant status (TAS) have been developed to capture the collective effect of antioxidant defense capacity, including enzymatic and nonenzymatic systems (Fraga et al., 2014, Franco et al., 2007). Multiple antioxidant enzymes, as well as antioxidant vitamins and m

• The importance of TARPs for AMPAR expression and

  2022-11-05

  

  The importance of TARPs for AMPAR expression and function was revealed initially in the cerebellum, where the lack of γ-2 in the mutant mice waggler and stargazer (stg/stg) was associated with a selective loss of AMPAR-mediated synaptic currents in cerebellar granule 6-Chloromelatonin (Chen et al.,

• It is reported that Adiponectin is able

  2022-11-05

  

  It is reported that Adiponectin is able to suppress NF-κB pathway, and Bcr-Abl fusion oncoprotein in CML activates NF-κB by stimulating its nuclear translocation and also by enhancing its transactivation function [25], [26]. Therefore, it is tempting to hypothesize that NF-κB pathway might be involv

• Regenerative mechanisms often require reemployment of pathwa

  2022-11-05

  

  Regenerative mechanisms often require reemployment of pathways used during development in the embryonic and postnatal periods (Waschek, 2002). PACAP has diverse neurodevelopmental and growth factor-like effects (Botia et al., 2007; Vaudry et al., 2009; Waschek, 2002; Watanabe et al., 2016) and it is

• The results also showed that

  2022-11-05

  

  The results also showed that the A3 receptor agonist increased the phosphorylated levels of Akt, leading to activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. A3 PSB 1115 stimulation has protective effects against RGC death following ischemia-reperfusion, glutamate toxicity, and optic nerve transection models (Ga

• The nAChR has been considered an interesting potential

  2022-11-05

  

  The α7 nAChR has been considered an interesting potential target for numerous therapeutic indications over the last two decades, with GTS-21 one of the first candidates proposed for Alzheimer's disease [2], [3], [23]. Unfortunately, although many α7-selective agonists have been developed [21], none

• br Materials and methods All animal experiments were

  2022-11-05

  

  Materials and methods All animal experiments were performed using the recommendations of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011) and approved by the University of Colorado—Denver Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Adult male Sprague—Dawley

• Pompe disease is accompanied by the deficiency

  2022-11-05

  

  Pompe disease is accompanied by the deficiency of the lysosomal α-1,4-glucosidase that makes the acetylcholine receptors unable to hydrolyze glycogen to glucose, thereby resulting in the accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes, especially in skeletal muscles and cardiac tissues. This accumulation res

• Inactivation of the proton pump comes with luminal alkaliniz

  2022-11-05

  

  Inactivation of the proton pump comes with luminal alkalinization of the targeted vesicles such as lysosomes (Fig. 2b). Lysosome pH can also be raised stoichiometrically by addition of a membrane-permeable weak Calcium Gluceptate such as methylamine or chloroquine which accumulates in its protonate

• Production of reactive oxygen species

  2022-11-05

  

  Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during RSV infection is one the important ways that neutrophils can injure the lungs [2], [24], [25]. Lipoxygenases are considered as an important source of producing ROS inside the mt t australia [26]. Several studies have indicated that the 12/15-LOX is

• Two major categories of arginase inhibitors

  2022-11-05

  

  Two major categories of arginase inhibitors have been distinguished (Fig. 3): the first category comprises synthetic arginase inhibitors, which have been developed from the substrate l-arginine [35]; and the second category includes inhibitors derived from natural products [36]. The category of synt

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